Mountains play a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services and functions. These habitats support a unique flora and fauna, attributed to heterogeneous climates, elevational gradients, and varied local niches, creating opportunities for species diversification, adaptation, and local endemism. Mountains are also crucial in the provision of ecosystem services, such as water regulation, acting as natural water towers that store and release freshwater to downstream ecosystems and human populations. They may also serve as carbon sinks, helping to mitigate climate change. Additionally, mountains offer numerous other ecosystem services, such as soil stabilization, climate regulation, and recreational opportunities, essential for human well-being and economic activities. Studies in tropical mountains are particularly important due to their distinct climatic conditions and unparalleled biodiversity. These regions are characterized by high species richness and endemism, often unmatched in other ecosystems. Tropical mountains, although generally snow-free and presenting a reduced altitudinal range, experience a variety of microclimates along their elevational gradients, creating diverse habitats within a small geographic area. In the Anthropocene, however, patterns of species distribution in tropical mountains face significant impacts from climate change, deforestation, mining, and agricultural expansion, threatening the unique biodiversity and ecosystem services provided. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, for instance, result in habitat loss and altered species distribution, thereby disrupting patterns of species interactions and threatening ecological processes. As land-use changes intensify, effective conservation strategies and sustainable management practices are urgently needed. This symposium will explore how tropical mountains provide critical insights into species' responses to environmental changes, such as climate change, habitat fragmentation, and land-use shifts. We aim to highlight the significance of mountainous environments and the urgent need for further research and conservation efforts, particularly in tropical regions. The symposium is designed to foster interdisciplinary dialogue by bringing together scientists, policymakers, and conservation practitioners from diverse geographical and professional backgrounds. While the current lineup includes researchers from Brazil, Costa Rica, and Germany, we are actively seeking to expand participation to include voices from other regions and disciplines, such as social sciences, humanities, and policy-making, to ensure a more balanced and holistic approach. The symposium will be organized into 8 talks that include the themes: (1) biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, (2) impacts of climate change and land-use changes, and (3) conservation strategies and approaches to sustainable mountain management.