Mesoamerica is recognized as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the world. This region encompasses at least five biomes, 41 ecoregions, and over 60 types of vegetation, all of which host both high levels of species richness and endemism due to its unique geography, topography and climatic conditions. Over the last two decades, several studies have explored the evolutionary and ecological patterns of Mesoamerican biota. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the distribution and diversity patterns of numerous biological groups (e.g., amphibians, reptiles, plants, insects, etc.). Furthermore, few studies have addressed how these biodiversity patterns are impacted by threats such as fragmentation and habitat loss, pollution, climate and land-use changes. Additionally, information on the effectiveness of Protected Areas system for the long-term conservation of Mesoamerican biota is limited. All these gaps limit our ability to understand and determine the future consequences and extinction risk for biodiversity in this critical hotspot. Therefore, this symposium aims to discuss the importance of developing integrative analyses that enable us to assess the spatio-temporal distribution and diversity patterns of Mesoamerican biota in the context of global change scenarios. Specifically, our twelve (12) presentations will focus to: (1) estimate the vulnerability and extinction risk for species and biological assemblages (including taxonomic, genetic, and/or functional diversity) of terrestrial plants and fauna; (2) assess the representativity values of this biodiversity within the Protected Areas system and how these values might change under future change scenarios; (3) identify priority areas for conservation and research focused on the distribution patterns of species and assemblages throughout Mesoamerican ecosystems; and (4) elucidate the relevance of proactive actions, such as biodiversity monitoring and ecological restoration approaches, to enhance ecosystems management. Finally, we will discuss the importance of incorporating all this information to guide conservation decision-making processes. This represents a critical step to optimize actions and efforts that ensure the long-term preservation of the Mesoamerican biodiversity and the essential ecosystem services it provides to society.